What is an example of importing?

A student from France attends college in the United States.

Secondary economic activities that usually involves the production of something by hand are called

tertiary activities.

In what areas of the world is geothermal energy a possible alternative to fossil fuels?

in areas of intense solar radiation

A ______________ is a political system in which power is shared by the national government and smaller political units.

democracy

What is true of a command economy?

The state makes all the economic decisions.

Why are people unevenly distributed throughout the world?

People generally live in cultural regions that value individual achievement.

People who move into a country from another place are known as

emigrants.

The central regions of several continents are covered by

grasslands.

Trees that shed their leaves when winter approaches are

chaparral.

The six climate regions into which geographers have divided the earth were defined mainly by

latitude and elevation.

The largest canyons and deepest valleys were created by

wind erosion.

The force that probably propels the movement of the earth’s gigantic rock plates is

convection.

The physical characteristics of a place include its

population and economic activity.

A ______________ region includes one central place and the surrounding areas affected by it.

functional

The movement about which geographers talk usually refers to

environmental changes.

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs is called the

autonomic nervous system.

Neurons that function within the brain and spinal cord are called

interneurons.

Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to muscles in your hands by the __________ nervous system.

peripheral

The central nervous system consists of

the brain and the spinal cord.

Curare is a paralyzing poison that functions as a(n)

Ach antagonist

A drug that mimics the effects of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n)

agonist

Alzheimer’s disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce

acetylcholine

José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of

endorphins

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as

endorphins

Neurotransmitters are released from the knoblike terminals at the end of the

axon.

Neurotransmitters are released from the knoblike terminals at the end of the

axon

A synapse is a(n)

 junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.

Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took an unexpectedly long time to travel a neural pathway. His observation provided evidence for the existence of

synaptic gaps.

Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron’s reaction is

an all-or-none response.

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the

action potential.

The function of dendrites is to

receive incoming signals from other neurons.

The study of the links between biological and psychological processes is called

biological psychology

The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because

psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes.

The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investigators to

explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

In a study of the effect of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

placebo.

Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to

reduce the likelihood of any preexisting differences between groups of participants.

Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned

to that group by chance.

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?

experimentation

What methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships?

the experiment

To determine whether the strength of people’s self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use of

correlational research

Correlation research is most useful for purposes of

prediction

Correlation research is most useful for purposes of

prediction

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as

naturalistic observation.

In which type of research is a representative, random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes?

 the survey

Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by

operational definitions.

In written reports of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a(n)

 operational definition.

A hypothesis is a(n)

testable prediction that gives direction to research.

Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)

 theory

Assessing whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates

critical thinking.

The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves willingness to

 recognize the errors in our own ideas.

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are

curiosity, skepticism, and humility.

Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate

our intuition

People who have no doubt that their predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate

overconfidence.

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as

hindsight bias

Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of

hindsight bias

The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our common sense understanding is most clearly facilitated by

hindsight bias

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a

psychiatrist

Clinical psychologists specialize in

providing therapy to troubled people.

Dr. Hobbes attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) __________ perspective.

social-cultural

What perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic groups?

social-cultural

What perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

cognitive

Stephanie believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a __________ perspective.

behavioral

What perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

behavioral

What perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

neuroscience

The various perspectives employed by psychologists

typically contradict common sense.

The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of

multiple levels of analysis

Innate ability is to learned skill as __________ is to __________.

nature; nurture

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of

 behavior and mental processes

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

thought processes and brain functions

In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of

mental processes.

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people’s

potential for healthy growth

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as

behaviorism.

Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called

 introspection

Introspection was the basic research tool used by __________ in order to study people’s inner sensations and mental images.

Wilhelm Wundt

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

James

Wilhelm Wundt’s laboratory work involved experimental studies of

reactions to sensory stimulation

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the __________ nervous systems.

peripheral

A testable prediction that gives direction to research is called a(n)

hypothesis.

What psychology's big issues is focused on discovering if intelligence is more influenced by genetics or home environment?

nature vs. nurture

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to

depression.

If a researcher were conducting an experiment to study the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would serve as the __________ variable.

experimental

The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because

psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes

What lists the sequence of brain regions from oldest to newest?

brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?

experimentation

What school of thought emerged in part as a reaction to introspections and the difficulty in measuring them?

behaviorism

. __________ psychologists would be most likely to focus different styles of parenting and the extent to which they are encouraged in various ethnic communities.

Social-cultural

In this type of research, a sample of people is asked to self-report about their own opinions or behaviors.

the survey

What school of thought emerged in part as a reaction to introspections and the difficulty in measuring them?

behaviorism

__________ psychologists would be most likely to focus different styles of parenting and the extent to which they are encouraged in various ethnic communities.

Social-cultural

In this type of research, a sample of people is asked to self-report about their own opinions or behaviors.

the survey

People typically recognize __________ more rapidly and accurately when they are flashed to the left hemisphere; they typically recognize __________ more rapidly and accurately when they are flashed to the right hemisphere.

words; pictures

Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located in knoblike terminals on the

axon

A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between

intelligence and academic success.

The perspective in psychology that emphasizes how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the __________ perspective.

cognitive

What neurotransmitters aids in the transfer of messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle?

acetylcholine

What type of psychologist would be most interested in the relationship between body chemistry and violent behavior?

biological

Clinical psychologists are most likely to be involved in

providing therapy to troubled people.

The presence of a burglar in your home can trigger a response of a racing heart and perspiration. This reaction is due to the __________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

neuroscience

If a researcher studies a single individual in great depth, their method is known as a

case study

When studying for a quiz, a student with only three available hours will have the best outcome if she

spaces study time over several short sessions.

Professor Johnson plans to organize observation and predict behavior in his research on intelligence. He is considering whether children and parents have similar levels of intelligence because they share common genes. His consideration is best described as a(n)

theory

Seemingly infertile couples who adopt a child might be perceived to be more likely to subsequently conceive

the illusory correlation.

This region of the brainstem triggers arousal when you hear your name mentioned nearby.

reticular formation

Stimulation of a rat's __________ will cause it to become violently aggressive.

amygdala

A patient is most likely to suffer a loss of __________ as a result of brain tumor damage to the hypothalamus.

sexual motivation

The corpus callosum is a wide band of neural fibers that

transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres.

The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to

motor neurons

Neural regulation of a child's language functioning is transferred to the right hemisphere if speech areas in the left hemisphere are damaged. This best illustrates

plasticity

People who are convinced of the correctness of their own predictions most clearly demonstrate

overconfidence.

Reward centers in the __________ are most likely to be associated with drug cravings.

limbic system

A patient has serious damage to Wernicke's area. As a result, what kind of difficulty would the patient most likely experience?

understanding what others are saying

The surgical removal of a large tumor in the occipital lobe of the brain is most likely to cause some loss of

speaking ability.

The __________ is responsible for your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity.

cerebral cortex

This type of technique repeats a research design with different participants and circumstances.

replication 

__________ are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.

Hormones

Experimental studies done in Wilhelm Wundt's lab were focused on

reactions to sensory stimuli.

An individual who can no longer control the muscles involved in speech, likely has damage to which area of the brain?

Broca's area

A basis for comparison of the effects of a specific treatment can be acquired through the use of a(n) __________ in experiments.

control group

The part of the limbic system knows as the __________ is essential in the formation of new memories.

hippocampus

At times, in research it is necessary to prevent participants from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions. As such, psychologists sometimes

deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment.

Controlling __________ is a primary function of endorphins.

physical pain

The various theoretical perspectives in psychology

often complement one another.

A split-brain patient sees a picture of a comb flashed briefly in their left visual field. What should the patient be able to do?

Use his left hand to draw a picture of the comb.

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of __________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of __________.

mental processes; observable behavior